Importance of Career Planning

Career means profession, which we want to adopt for earning livelihood, and planning means proper flow or to make proper decisions.

Pre- planning in our life plays very important role in every aspect of life, to work in a proper flow, and pre-planning for career, which we want to pursue in our future ahead after acquiring certain level of degree is also very necessary in today's competitive world.

According to the Thorndike dictionary

Importance of Career Planning

"A goal that you desire to achieve in a selected field or occupation with a well-thought out plan, to get you there is called Career Planning."

The world is now moving very fast, and the time has come when this meritocratic society accepts only those, having right qualification and right skills.
Olden days are gone, when just a degree would help an individual to get high profile job by giving bribe or using some other mean. Now it's high time, when the transparency in job recruitment has taken place.

Challenges and competition are the part of today's society, and therefore, Career Planning is the only task, which can guide us to do what we want to do in our life, rather than just aimlessly changing job all the time in future.

We have seen many Pakistani, who after completing Intermediate don't know where to go, what to do and we have also seen graduates, who aimlessly do graduation without any specialization. As a result, they earns just in 6-8 figures.

Career Planning is one of the broader aspects of learning in our existence. We all have some intentions and we all think to have stability in our future lives, and for that purpose, CAREER PLANNING serves as a key to success.

Career Planning makes a person to think suitably about their positive and negative aspects. All about their interest, about their creativity becomes possible through proper analyzing ourselves.

Career Planning basically starts, when a person finishes Secondary/ Higher Secondary level of education. After that level, a person could opt for that educational degree, which would help them out to have a good job opportunity according to their skills at the right time.

Career Planning helps us to design and formulate our future smoothly. Like, If a person wants to be a banker, then he or she would choose to go for ACCA or CA or MBA in finance after completing Intermediate in commerce and Graduation in commerce/ business administration.. Else he/ she would go for CAT course or Masters in Commerce or even upto doctorate level.

This pre-planning would be effective and would give him/her benefits after achieving educational targets effectively. It also helps us to evaluate our own personality, which helps us to know that which kind of job would suit us according to our need and capabilities.

In short, Career Planning is like mapping our future. Without proper planning, no one could think of getting a desired job in future.

Think what we want to do and finding out more about the kind of training, education, and skills we will need to achieve our career goal is the core objective of career planning.
It help us knowing the nature of the jobs that interest us, such as educational requirements, salary, working conditions, fringe benefits, promotion chances, future prospectus, and help us focusing in the right dimension.

Career planning directs us, motivates us, and helps us to accomplish what we want. A career goal is a specific vision such as an architect or a teacher or a career goal can be a particular field, which we want to work in, such as Media, Education, Medicine, Engineering etc.

For those who will think about their future and career after completing education without any long term desired goals are the one, whose all attempt might end in smoke.
There are some cases and situation, which bound a person to pre-plan in advance, such like family high family business status, lack of interest in studies or traditional job, low motivation, low financial status etc or some past educational traumas, which had made a person to plan after wards.

Career planning is a life time process we are always learning and growing, and as we do, our interests and needs also change. Career planning is not just making plans to obtain our career, but it also help us to make many adjustments there will be along the ways we learn throughout our lives.

Those who have successful careers like educators, business man, manager, pilot, architect, banker, doctor etc are the one, who has made their ways through proper guidance.

No doubt, that our parents have some wishes and expectations from us, but we have our own too. Therefore, we should also consider others opinion. For that we could take guidance from an educational counselor to get better guidance towards new dimensional fields as well. Teacher, professionals, career guidance websites, Head educational consultants can also guide us, to have a better approach for our future.

We must have freedom of speaking and freedom of choosing our career as we have to lead our lives which interest us. We must try to have an open mind in order to choose the right career on right time.

According to one renowned professor,

"Few of us like to opt for those degree courses, which their family or friend has advised them to adopt and this inappropriate knowledge trapped them into a great mistake and
In this way, they are unable to get good job opportunities according to their interests. Only Proper Career Guidance would help an individual to be on the right path before hand. Few of us try to seek the right path and take guidance from family or teacher to tell them what is good for them, which career is in demand and which career suits their interest."

The future is un-predictable, however, we could still make our place in this meritocratic world by making career goals and plans in advance, for getting better opportunities in today's pluralistic and globalize world.

We must pre-plan our goals under the supervision of professionals in conscious state of mind, so that we could strategically maintain our goals and follow it towards the path of successful future.

Importance of Career Planning
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Munir Moosa Sewani is one of the famous, prominent and creative name in the field of Education since 8 years. He is a Master Trainer In Special Education, Post Graduate, Teacher Educator and a Teacher. He is a Freelance Writer and Photographer too. He is an author of the famous self-published storybook for children named as "The MORAL STORIES FOR CHILDREN" and has also written Biology course book for Secondary Classes. He has written almost more than 20 articles on social, health, educational and cultural issues, which are internationally recognized and published in most of the famous world wide websites, magazines and newspapers.

He is also a Social worker, private tutor, career counselor, musician, lyrics writer and have multi- dimensional talents.

His future plan is to write dozens of informative books and articles and to work for education and media also, in order to develop the sense of understanding many dimensions of life through his creativity.

How to Buy and Sell Things For Profit - Seven Ways

There are basically seven ways to buy and sell things for profit.

If you make a living you already buy and sell things. You can buy and sell services which is called work, or you can buy and sell property. Most of us are better at buying than we are selling. By that I mean we manage to buy more in dollars than we make. It doesn't have to be that way.

If we learn to buy well, then we can not only get more with the money we have, but we can make a very good living buying and selling. If we buy right, the property will almost sell itself. We intuitively know the seven ways to buy and sell things, but it helps to have a clear vision in your mind in order to develop the skill to buy better and sell better.

How to Buy and Sell Things For Profit - Seven Ways

Many people made fortunes in the last decade buying and selling real estate. These seven ways to buy and sell property are very familiar to the real estate flippers, but the same basic ways can be used for buying and selling any type of property. eBay is bigger than Donald Trump.

1. Buy Low, Sell High

The first and simplest way to make money buying and selling is to find an item in demand, negotiate a low price, buy it, and then sell it for a higher price. In addition to good negotiation skills, you have to develop a good eye to make this work. You also have to be careful your expenses during the acquisition process don't eat up any potential profit.

With this method, you want to buy only excellent quality items that are ready to sell as is. You'll want to find a motivated seller-one who wants to get rid of the property more than he wants to make money. It is also necessary to acquire the property at a significantly low price to be able to add your expenses in and still sell below market. Selling below market is the best way to sell quickly. If you depend on your selling skills to make the deals, you don't need to bother with the investment. You can just get a job as a salesman-work.

2. Buy it, Fix it, Sell it

The second way to make money buying and selling is to look for property that is broken, dirty, ugly, or in need of a missing part or repair. This is a great way to find a motivated seller and a good price. The owners of this kind of property would rather have a new one. If they were inclined to fix it, they'd have done so already. Know your market; know your costs. Allow a generous profit to cover your repairs, acquisition expenses, and potential selling expenses. Negotiate hard and don't be afraid of deadlock. It's your money, so be prepared to walk away from an offer if they won't meet the price you need. Sometimes all you need to do to get a property in pristine condition is to clean it.

3. Buy it, Rent it

A third way to make money over a longer period of time it is to buy and rent it out. Just about anything can be rented to others-tools, cars, camping equipment, boats, motorhomes, and of course, residential homes. An alternate to this same method is to invest in special equipment, use it and then sell the service the equipment provides. All of these ways are good ways to make money, but though they are buy and sell strategies beginning to end, in the interim, they are ongoing businesses-more work.

4. Buy for cash, sell on time

A fourth method is not so effective for inexpensive items, but boats, cars, trucks, and even big screen televisions can be bought at bargains with cash and then resold on terms with interest. People are often willing to pay very high prices if they can get it now and pay later.

Some people make unbelievable profits buying mobile homes for a few thousand and financing over time for tens of thousands. Often before the buyers have finished paying the notes, their financial status has improved enough that they can buy higher end property with conventional finance. When this happens, it is common to get the item back after it has nearly been paid for. Some mobile home resellers have sold and resold certain properties four or five times. Each time they nearly double their investment with the original down payment then collect the payments over time plus interest.

5. Buy and sell wholesale

If you have the ability to purchase in quantity and move quickly, you can locate sources that will bring you deals in bulk at prices so low you can sell wholesale and still make money. You can even buy homes in quantity and sell them to others for resale. Once you spread your name around, this can be very lucrative and happen very quickly.

6. Buy on speculation and sell on demand

When the market is hot, it is possible to buy when the item is first introduced at a lower price than what will be charged later. If you can spot these trends, you can make good money buying when first offered and selling after the item is sold out. In certain real estate markets you can order a new home before it is built and count on the price to go up after the neighborhood fills in. This is dangerous, but some people have made really good money doing just this.

7. Buy for others, sell back with fee added

Sometimes people do not want to do their own bargaining. Celebrities or people known to be very wealthy often allow scouts to buy for them. Sometimes the price goes up when the buyer is well known or very wealthy. The difference in price can be so great that it becomes profitable for a middle person to buy and resell to his principal for a fee.

There are millions of ways to buy and sell, but these are the basic seven ways to buy and sell. Everything else is some variation or combination of these seven. Buying and selling can be done in rising and falling markets. When the market is deteriorating the buyer has to buy drastically below market and move very rapidly to turn his investments. There is always a risk of losing money in any market. A person engaged in these tactics must be good negotiators on both the buy and the sell, and they must be flexible enough to take the losses quickly when they are inevitable to prevent even larger losses later.

How to Buy and Sell Things For Profit - Seven Ways
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Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase

Do you have the feeling that your employer is continually taking advantage of you? It maybe the right time to plan for a salary negotiation if you feel that you're constantly contributing good value to your company and not getting the pay that you deserve. Effective negotiation helps to resolve situation like this and find solutions that are acceptable to both parties.

Most people are very uncomfortable discussing on the topic of salary increase. This kind of feeling is very common as we are all having fear of being rejected or worry to upset someone during the negotiation. To demand for the right salary that you deserve, you'll need to learn some negotiation fundamentals.

Asking for a salary increase has to begin with a strategic plan, and preparation is the key to be successful in any form of negotiation. You can get a pay increase even if your company is under salary freeze. Here are some effective salary negotiation tips and tactics you can use to fight your case without fear.

Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase

1) Assess the situation and know what to target for Before asking for a salary increase, you need to explore your company's policy on salary. Check out if there is any established range for your position. Find out if there are other people in your organization doing similar work, and how much they are being paid. If there is no constraint from the pay policy and you're indispensable, you should feel optimistic and confident with the salary negotiation.

You can bench mark "job search" web sites on the internet to determine how much other companies in the same industry are willing to pay for a comparable position. Different organization may use different job title for the same work. Therefore making comparison of the job scope maybe needed. Understanding the current market value for your position will determine how much you're worth. This allows you to set a figure in mind to shoot for during the salary negotiation session.

2) Be confident with the negotiation If you are a key person in your organization making good contribution, you are armed with bullets, and you can ask for more during the negotiation. Don't worry of losing the job. At the end of the negotiation session, you'll either get a salary increase or you'll figure out you're not in the right organization that can meet your salary expectation. You may want to start to explore other job opportunities.

3) What else besides monetary rewards you should negotiate The remuneration package needs to be evaluated as an overall deal. Don't leave out rewards such as share options, leave passage, pension plans, bonuses, subsidies, etc. The negotiation can be for a raise of any of these rewards. Other non monetary rewards you can demand are the medical coverage, insurance coverage, annual leave, flexible working hours and company car.

4) Draft a letter to request for a meeting on salary increase Never discuss you salary matter with the boss in an ad hoc manner such as after a meeting. If you want to get good result, write a formal letter to your boss by declaring your purpose and arrange suitable time for a discussion. If you're having difficulties to get started, you can seek professional help or refer to the proven pay raise letter examples for ideas on the appropriate format and contents.

5) Prepare a package to sell your contribution You need to package and sell your special skills, accomplishments and contributions for your job objectives, and not to forget to emphasize your special achievements.

6) Build good credibility and demonstrate your value The discussion will be very much smoother if you have built good credibility with the company. Holding the meeting at the right time, for example after delivering some good value to the company, will lower the resistance in getting approval for a salary increase. Attend the meeting with confidence and discuss the case as professional as possible. Personal needs such as "I require more money because of my eldest kid is going to college next year" should not be used as a reason to support the pay raise.

7) Ask smart questions and let the employer do the talking Ask intelligent open-ended questions and lure the employer to do the talking. Be a good listener and let the employer bring about giving you what you want. The employer always thinks that their decision is the best, and they strongly believe in it. Don't challenge their viewpoint, but make them convince your worth and get them to approve your raise.

8) Start negotiation by setting an aggressive goal One of the tactics often use in salary negotiation is to "demand for higher and compromise for lesser." Get the employer to make the first offer to you before you tell them your target. They may offer more than what you expect by surprise. If you've done your homework well on the pay range, you can set your target slightly higher then the upper range. Explain and justify why you're an outstanding employee.

9) Be prepared to move on for a better job If you can demonstrate to the employer that you are prepared to walk away should the negotiation fails, you have created tremendous power and pressure to make the employer compromises. Never show the employer that you are desperate for the job.

Conclusion The objective of a salary negotiation is to find solutions that are win-win for both parties. To ensure the negotiation is successful, you need to prepare all necessary information, learn negotiation tactics for effective bargaining and set up a face-to-face session to discuss the case professional. If you can show the employer that you are willing to move away, you will have more leverage on your bargaining. If you're not easily replaceable in your organization, you should feel confident with the negotiation. If you wish to learn more on salary negotiation tips and tactics, visit our website for more info on all aspects of career resources.

Salary Negotiation Tips to Bargain For Salary Increase
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http://www.resume-coverletter.info Career Resources

Four Negotiation Styles

Although four generic negotiating styles can be identified, rarely does a person employ solely one style. People have a preference for a particular style and can exhibit elements of any of the others.

Each negotiating style has its pros and cons, and some aspects of each are at times needed in different situations.

The Bully Style

Four Negotiation Styles

An easily identifiable style is that of the bully. He is powerful, commands attention and has a high energy level. His modus operandi is to push for action, is usually loud, and is confrontational. He is totally insensitive to the feelings and needs of others, wanting to attain his own outcomes at all cost.

The advantages of this style are that he commands attention for a key point, and that negotiation can be brought to a rapid close.

Unfortunately, this style of negotiator will miss subtle points in the negotiation which could adversely affect the outcome, and has an: it is my way or the highway attitude.

Nonverbal characteristics of this type are an exaggerated posture of leaning forward, excessive use of pointing, and very direct eye contact.

This style is very limited in its usefulness, and certainly does not encourage a win/win outcome.

The Manipulator

Although not lacking in empathy as much as the Bully, the Manipulator still has a disregard for the feelings of others. He has a low level of energy, largely keeping a low outer profile, speaking in a careless-type of voice, almost condescending.

His modus operandi is to manipulate the other party to expose their weaknesses and get them to concede to his desired outcomes. He plays a cat and mouse game and is sly.

The Manipulator quickly draws attention to real threats that could affect an agreement, and can surreptitiously provoke debate.

On a negative side, he may distort information or bend the truth while exploiting the weaknesses of the other party.

Nonverbal characteristics include, slouching or leaning back with hands behind his head, and using fleeting eye movements as he surveys the group, both his team and the opponents.

The Confident Style

This is your people-person. He gives equal attention to the relationship of those present as he does to the issue under investigation. He exudes high energy and is always looking for better ways to have all parties work collaboratively.

He usually finds it easy to focus on the key points, and likes to openly discuss possible options. His negotiating style is flexible and he adapts it to the situation as required.

He will work at achieving a win/win situation at best and a compromise at worst. His voice is pleasant.

Although he wins people over, he can appear aggressive, and because of his enthusiasm, he may fail to listen properly.

His nonverbal characteristics include an erect or only slightly forward leaning posture whether sitting or standing, lots of hand movements, and good eye contact.

The Persuader

The negotiating style calms the meeting. This person has low energy and is even further on the continuum of a people-person.

His voice is calm and makes gentle suggestions when he speaks. His main interest is in making sure that everyone is happy and is getting, of least importance to him is the outcome.

This style is very useful when the negotiation has become heated to settle everyone, and it is also good for looking into some of the deeper issues.

A disadvantage of this negotiating style is that it can be regarded as insipid by the other side as the Persuader is not interested in reaching an outcome, enjoying the negotiation process for itself alone.

Nonverbal cues are a neutral posture, smiling face, good eye contact, attentive, and us of hands when talking and when thinking.

Can you identify yourself with one of these? Whose characteristics do you mostly demonstrate, the bully, the manipulator, the confident person, or the persuader?

Also assess people you know, where do they fit?

Next time you are in a negotiation situation be aware of yourself and the other party, every extra piece of information will assist you in getting your desired outcome.

Four Negotiation Styles
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Gloria M Hamilten is a recognized authority in disciplines within Personal Development and Corporate trainings, and in Neuro-Linguistic Programming.

She has her own training business, and conducts courses for Businesses, Sporting groups and Educational Institutions in Australia.

Her professional experience covers over 30 years of study, research, one-on-one coaching, group coaching, presentations and workshops. Her clientele includes children as well as adults.

Gloria is the author of the well-received eBook: "Hypnosis De-hyped."

Her website provide a wealth of informative articles and resources on everything within these genres. Visit her websites:

[http://www.connect4results.com]

http://neuro-linguistic-pro-site.com

This article may be freely reprinted or distributed in its entirety in any e-zine, newsletter, or website. The author's name, bio and website links must remain intact and be included with every reproduction.

Overcoming Communication Barriers Between People

When you send a message, you intend to communicate meaning, but the message itself doesn't contain meaning. The meaning exists in your mind and in the mind of your receiver. To understand one another, you and your receiver must share similar meanings for words, gestures, tone of voice, and other symbols.

1. Differences in perception

The world constantly bombards us with information: sights, sounds, scents, and so on. Our minds organize this stream of sensation into a mental map that represents our perception or reality. In no case is the perception of a certain person the same as the world itself, and no two maps are identical. As you view the world, your mind absorbs your experiences in a unique and personal way. Because your perceptions are unique, the ideas you want to express differ from other people's Even when two people have experienced the same event, their mental images of that event will not be identical. As senders, we choose the details that seem important and focus our attention on the most relevant and general, a process known as selective perception. As receivers, we try to fit new details into our existing pattern. If a detail doesn't quite fit, we are inclined to distort the information rather than rearrange the pattern.

Overcoming Communication Barriers Between People

2. Incorrect filtering

Filtering is screening out before a message is passed on to someone else. In business, the filters between you and your receiver are many; secretaries, assistants, receptionists, answering machines, etc. Those same gatekeepers may also 'translate' your receiver's ideas and responses before passing them on to you. To overcome filtering barriers, try to establish more than one communication channel, eliminate as many intermediaries as possible, and decrease distortion by condensing message information to the bare essentials.

3. Language problems

When you choose the words for your message, you signal that you are a member of a particular culture or subculture and that you know the code. The nature of your code imposes its own barriers on your message. Barriers also exist because words can be interpreted in more than one way. Language is an arbitrary code that depends on shared definitions, but there's a limit to how completely any of us share the same meaning for a given word. To overcome language barriers, use the most specific and accurate words possible. Always try to use words your audience will understand. Increase the accuracy of your messages by using language that describes rather than evaluates and by presenting observable facts, events, and circumstances.

4. Poor listening

Perhaps the most common barrier to reception is simply a lack of attention on the receiver's part. We all let our minds wander now and then, regardless of how hard we try to concentrate. People are essentially likely to drift off when they are forced to listen to information that is difficult to understand or that has little direct bearing on their own lives. Too few of us simply do not listen well! To overcome barriers, paraphrase what you have understood, try to view the situation through the eyes of other speakers and resist jumping to conclusions. Clarify meaning by asking non-threatening questions, and listen without interrupting.

5. Differing emotional states

Every message contains both a content meaning, which deals with the subject of the message, and a relationship meaning, which suggests the nature of the interaction between sender and receiver. Communication can break down when the receiver reacts negatively to either of these meanings. You may have to deal with people when they are upset or when you are. An upset person tends to ignore or distort what the other person is saying and is often unable to present feelings and ideas effectively. This is not to say that you should avoid all communication when you are emotionally involved, but you should be alert to the greater potential for misunderstanding that accompanies aroused emotions. To overcome emotional barriers, be aware of the feelings that arise in your self and in others as you communicate, and attempt to control them. Most important, be alert to the greater potential for misunderstanding that accompanies emotional messages.

6. Differing backgrounds

Differences in background can be one of the hardest communication barriers to overcome. Age, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural background, temperament, health, beauty, popularity, religion, political belief, even a passing mood can all separate one person from another and make understanding difficult. To overcome the barriers associated with differing backgrounds, avoid projecting your own background or culture onto others. Clarify your own and understand the background of others, spheres of knowledge, personalities and perceptions and don't assume that certain behaviors mean the same thing to everyone.

If you would like to get custom-made advice about your communication problems, please feel free to email me at martinmim21@hotmail.com All requests will be handled professionally and your communication problem will be handled in strict confidence.

Overcoming Communication Barriers Between People
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Martin Hahn Ph.D. is an industrial sociologist with more than 20 years experience in teaching, management consulting, and corporate training. The above article is an excerpt from the ebook titled 'Overcoming Communication Barriers between People and in Organizations'. His ebook on communication can be purchased at http://www.martinimhahn.com

How Much Do Wind Turbines Cost?

How much does a wind turbine cost can be answered. Wind turbines can be found to have many shapes and sizes. The cost of it can be indicated clearly as per the following paragraphs. The cost depends upon the project size, purchase agreement construction contracts, type of machines, and the projects location as well as other related factors.

How much does a wind turbine cost can be answered partially. Cost components for wind turbines which are distinct from commercial scale wind turbine as outlined above. The cost includes wind resource assessment, site analysis expenses, the freight of the turbine and its price, as well as tower, construction expenses, interconnection studies, utility system upgrades, protection, transformers, as well as metering equipment, operations, warranty, maintenance, repair, insurance, legal and consultation fees, etc.

Other factors which have an impact on your project economics are financing costs, the size of the project and applicability of taxes.

How Much Do Wind Turbines Cost?

How much does a wind turbine cost can be answered as under:

The cost of the commercial wind turbines varied from to million per MW of nameplate capacity installed. The same turbines 2 MW in size cost roughly .8 million installed capacity. These turbines undergo significant economies scale. Smaller farm or residential scale turbines cost less but they are more expensive when per kilowatt of energy producing capacity is applied on the rates.

This would indicate a 10 kilowatt machine might cost roughly around ,000. In this manner 100 kilowatts wind turbines would cost roughly ,800 to ,800 per kilowatt of capacity.

To conclude, how much does a wind turbine cost can be summarized by proper negotiation, considering engineering and other related factors and reducing over all cost incidence on the production process.

How Much Do Wind Turbines Cost?
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Negotiation Skills for Business

Every time we engage in conversation with another individual we are generally negotiating a view, discussion or action. Everyone has different filters from which they perceive the world or their surroundings. These filters are developed throughout one's life as they grow from a child to an adult. Some of the main influences that can develop one's filters are parents, friends, family, social environment, religion, school and experience. As these filters are molded every individual brings a different view point to a negotiation or business discussion. Understanding the angle or view of an individual with whom you are negotiating is key to laying the foundation to work towards a viable solution.

One of the more widely known methods of understanding human negotiation psychology is the Thomas-Kilman Conflict Mode Instrument, also known as the (TKI). This model asserts that an individual's behavior falls along two basic dimensions: assertiveness - the extent to which the individual attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns and cooperativeness - the extent to which the individual attempts to satisfy the other's person's concerns. This instrument then places an individual into five different style methods when it comes to dealing with conflict.

The first negotiation style is competing. Competing is an assertive and uncooperative, power-oriented style. Most individuals that fall into this category tend to pursue their own interests at the expense of other's using whatever methods they can to win the negotiation. The next style is collaborating. Collaborating is both assertive and cooperative. When collaborating, an individual attempts to work with other individuals to find a solution that fully satisfies the concerns of both. It involves digging into an issue to identify the underlying concerns of the two individuals to find an alternative that meets both sets of concerns. Collaborating between two individuals can take the form of exploring a disagreement to learn from each other's insights, resolving some condition that would otherwise have them competing for resources, or confronting and trying to find a creative solution to their conflict.

Negotiation Skills for Business

The next style is compromising. Compromising is generally right in the middle of the assertiveness and cooperativeness dimensions. When compromising, parties look to seek a mutually acceptable solution that can benefit all parties involved. Compromising might mean splitting the difference, exchanging concessions, or seeking a common ground position. However, compromising can also mean that both parties are giving up something to meet on the middle ground and this is not always a positive.

Another type of style is avoiding. Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. When avoiding, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. The individual is generally side-stepping the true conflict at hand. They generally find ways to withdraw or postpone an issue to avoid a threatening or intense situation. The last style of the five mentioned in TKI model is accommodating. The accommodating style is generally unassertive and cooperative. Generally, an individual that has an accommodating style will neglect his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of others. An accommodating style will just accept the view or stance of others and does not try too hard to push their own objectives onto others.

Once an individual identifies what method of negotiation they often fall into, then they can begin to understand what some of their strengths and weaknesses may be during a negotiation. All the different styles or methods have different strengths and weaknesses associated with them.

Competing can be valuable at times when a decisive action is needed and that individual is not afraid to take control of the situation and make an immediate decision. However, some of the negatives of this style are that a lot of the competing individuals always fight for influence and respect. They may not even have the best solution or not know the answer but often push their opinion on others and act more confident that they feel. This style or method can also cause those around you to inquire less about information or opinions and everyone will be less likely to learn from the negotiation or conflicts.

Collaborating seems to be one of the more effective negotiation methods. The main strength of the collaborative style is that they generally find integrative solutions and adhere to the concerns of both parties because they understand that some items may be too important to compromise. This style can also be very good at merging insights from a variety of people with very different perspectives on an issue or problem. This method can also be viewed as a style that still is able to accomplish all their objectives without rolling over the other parties involved. They are able to gain commitment by incorporating everyone's concerns into a consensual decision.

The weaknesses in this style are fairly limited. However, every negotiation or conflict is different so there will always be times when one method will be better suited for that negotiation. The weakness in always collaborating during a negotiation is that it can take a lot of time and effort. There may be situations where you do not have the luxury of time and effort. Some negotiations don't require advanced solutions or the time it can take to understand the ultimate goals and viewpoint of every individual involved in the negotiation.

Everyone has heard the old saying that it is always best to compromise. However, when truly analyzing this method more in depth that may not always be the case. In a compromise all parties involved are giving up something to help the other achieve their goal. Even in a compromise where the results are considered to be Pareto optimal, individuals would still have to give up some of their ultimate goal to have all the others achieve the optimal position for all parties involved. This style can also lead some to unintended costly compromises of principles, values, long-term objectives, or company welfare. The main benefit of this style as many are aware is that it often satisfies the needs of all parties involved in the negotiation. It can also be a good way to achieve a quick resolution to a complex issue.

Avoiding generally has more of a negative connotation to it than some of the other negotiation styles. However, there can be at times, some advantages to the avoidance method of conflict. This can be a viable way to solve a conflict or negotiation if the potential costs of confronting a conflict outweigh the benefits of its resolution. It can also be used if an issue is not important enough to address and time will be wasted if the negotiation about the issue even begins to ensue.

Last but not least in the methods of negotiating is accommodating. Accommodating can often help a negotiation in the future because if one accommodates to others' needs initially they may be viewed very favorable right away by the others involved. Accommodators are also good at reading situations and can realize when they are wrong. They often can allow better positions or decisions to be considered, able to learn from others and demonstrate that they are caring and reasonable to others needs. However, if one is always accommodating then they may be sacrificing many of their beliefs or ultimate goals just to appease the other parties involved.

After one begins to understand the method or style he or she may fall into then it is time to understand the some of the steps needed to reach an agreement. The first step is to understand everyone's goals or objectives. After one is able to understand the other parties motives than they can begin to understand the needs of each individual and starting negotiating towards a common ground. A key in beginning to uncover an individual's needs and form a common ground is to start to ask some open ended questions.

After gaining a strong understanding of the other parties needs then we can begin to understand how closely their needs fall in line with our objectives. In a lot of situations you can start by gaining agreement on a collaborative effort to solve the problem and fulfilling each party's needs. Then once trust has been established and the other party understands that you are not only searching to obtain your own objectives but also helping them to reach theirs it will become easier to negotiate more of the greater details.

The next step after understanding the other party's needs and working towards a common ground is to start surveying the options available to you. An option can be a possible agreement or part of an agreement that can satisfy either party's objectives. By beginning to explore different options both parties will be able to see different solutions to the problem coming to the table. When you create different options you are create value to the negotiation and building blocks to move the negotiation further down the continuum.

Most of the best negotiations are those in which a number of options have been explored. The first resolution to a conflict is not always accepted and not necessarily the best option for all parties involved. The more options that are generated, the greater the chance that one of them will mutually and effectively satisfy the differing needs of all parties involved. Often, by understanding each other's needs, one can begin to formulate some possible ways to execute a strategy that better solutions and give you some more creative bargaining power.

The key behind developing options in a negotiation is to take organized approach at understanding each parties needs and creating a range of options that can fulfill most of them. To do this one must always come to a negotiation with an open mind. If you do not try to understand the other individual's viewpoints then you will never be effectively working towards a strategy that will fulfill both of your goals. The more options you begin to create, the more room or leverage you will have in that negotiation. To create these options you have to continually remind yourself of the needs and common grounds of the other party and also remember to take into account differences in perception or the filters that were mentioned in the beginning of this paper.

The next items to understand in creating options are timing and risk. Some individuals enjoy the rush of risk and have to make tough decisions in a limited amount of time while others cannot stand the idea of it. Everyone has a different tolerance for risk and they are also different on the speed in which they operate, take action and make decisions. When dealing with any of these scenarios in a negotiation the best action is to try and accommodate the timing involved in the decisions that have to be made.

According to Roger Fisher and Danny Ertel, authors of Getting Ready to Negotiate, when people have several of something, they value the last one somewhat less than those that came before. Fisher and Ertel also state that differences in the marginal value to each party, of some of the goods under negotiation, can create opportunities to improve the overall value they each receive. There is no guarantee that these value creating trade-offs will work in every negotiation. However, if one strives to create good options, prepare in advance, and carefully consider opportunities that create value, then possibilities will become available.

As described by William Ury in his book, Getting Past No, an independent standard is a measuring stick that allows us to decide what a fair solution is. Some common standards include: market value, fair and equal treatment, laws, precedents that have been established in the past. Standards can be utilized when one begins to work or negotiate with a new customer. By establishing certain standards it can help to form the common ground in the negotiation that was mentioned earlier in the paper. Without setting standards the negotiation can have no boundaries and will only make it more difficult to come to a viable solution.

Negotiations always differ in complexity and content. Understanding the different style or methods used by different individuals will help to identify their needs and wants. After understanding the needs and wants it is then time to form the common ground. Once common ground is established in the negotiation then it is time to present the options that will help all parties involved achieve their most viable solutions. Keeping an open mind and always trying to understand the argument from the other individuals' viewpoint will always help achieve the main objectives in a negotiation. A good quote by John Lubbock encompasses a lot about negotiations, "what we see depends mainly on what we look for." By keeping an open mind during any negotiation one may be able to find new possibilities that he or she did not even know existed.

Negotiation Skills for Business
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Works Cited

Roger Fisher and Danny Ertel. Getting Ready to Negotiate. Penguin Books. 1995.
K. Thomas and R. Killman, The Conflict Mode Instrument. (Tuxedo Park, NY: XICOM, 1974). Negotiation 6th Edition. Roy J Lewicki, David M. Saunders, Bruce Barry.
Ury, William. Getting past No. Bantam Books. 1993.

This article was written by Jeff Shjarback.
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